Diseases Related To Cholesterol

 

Diseases Related To Cholesterol

 

Familial hypercholesterolemia

There are hereditary disorders of cholesterol metabolism (familial hypercholesterolemia), which lead to very high blood cholesterol levels regardless of food intake. In one of the known hypercholesterolemia forms, the LDL receptors are only incompletely developed or completely absent. techbizcenter

 

Heterozygous carriers of these hereditary factors are more often affected than average by heart attacks and other vascular diseases at a young age. According to a study from 1991, this no longer applies to older people. Here, the mortality drops significantly and is only 44% compared to the standard.

The most common monogenetic hypercholesterolemia, the so-called autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia, is about 1: 500. However, there seems to have been significant variability in the frequency of symptoms in those affected over the past 200 years, suggesting an interaction between a changing environment (e.g., diet, lifestyle) and genotype. For more severe forms of hypercholesterolemia (such as familial hypercholesterolemia), drug therapies with statins, LDL apheresis, and sometimes surgical forms of treatment are used. technologywebdesign

 

Gallstones

Cholesterol is captivated by the body with the bile acid in the intestine. Cholesterol is blended and involved in the small intestine. The solubility of cholesterol in total bile is 0.26%. When the composition of the bile changes, cholesterol stones form. 80% of gallstones are high in cholesterol, and 50% are pure cholesterol stones. The formation of gallstones occurs not only in the gallbladder but also in the liver. marketingmediaweb

 

Other forms of the disease

Less known diseases are, for example, the cholesterol storage disease ( xanthomatosis or Hand-Schüller-Christian syndrome ), in which cholesterol is pathologically stored in the skin, among other things. answerhop

 

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLO) occurs with a frequency of approx. 1: 60,000 in Europe. The disease with SLO syndrome is a defect in the last enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase. The clinical picture is characterized by mental retardation, growth problems, developmental disorders, and facial changes.

 

Furthermore, hypocholesterolemia is known in which the cholesterol level is below 130 mg/dl in the blood. This occurs primarily in liver damage such as cirrhosis of the liver, the genetic Tangier disease, and manganese deficiency. Among other things, vitamin E can no longer be transported to its respective destination. tipsfromcomputertechs

Cholesterol and coronary artery disease (CHD)

Cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary artery disease ( CHD ), replaced infectious diseases as the most common cause of death in the western industrialized nations as the standard of living rose in the 20th century. In the 1950s, the American nutritionist Ancel Keys' hypothesis received a lot of attention that this development was also favored by the fact that increasing prosperity was accompanied by a diet that was too fatty. In particular, lead a high cholesterol diet (primarily meat, chicken eggs, milk, butter, and other dairy products). The ingestion of food containing cholesterol is one of the many causes of a heart attack. Key himself relativized the importance of diet-related cholesterol intake for the cholesterol level in human blood as early as 1965: "To control the serum level, dietary cholesterol should not be completely ignored, but observing this factor alone is of little use."

 

Meaning of the hypothesis

The hypothesis that a high-cholesterol diet and a high blood cholesterol level played a causal role in the development of heart attacks has become widespread in the scientific environment and the public eye over the past decades. Today it is an essential element in preventing heart attacks in medical practice. In the USA in particular, but also in Europe, it led to the spread of artificially reduced or cholesterol-free foods ( e.g., margarine ) and the routine prescription of drugs to lower cholesterol levels.

 

Cholesterol-lowering drugs are now the pharmaceutical market segment with the highest sales worldwide. In 2004, cholesterol-lowering drugs achieved 27 billion US dollars worldwide, with a growth rate of 10.9%. The drug with the highest sales is atorvastatin (Lipitor ®, Sortis ® ) from the US manufacturer Pfizer, which achieved worldwide sales of 12.2 billion US dollars in 2005.  However, this drug no longer plays an essential role in the German market since health insurances introduced a fixed price regulation for statins.

 

Around 25 million people around the world regularly take cholesterol-lowering preparations.

 

Empirically obtained evidence

Ø  The cholesterol hypothesis is based exclusively on empirically obtained evidence. However, no biological mechanism has been demonstrated which leads to plaque formation via cholesterol or an increased cholesterol level.

 

Ø  In animal experiments, the administration of food (milk, egg yolk) with high cholesterol in rabbits and other predominantly vegetarian animals leads to arteriosclerosis development. This observation was first published in 1908 by the Russian scientist Alexander Ignatowski. However, these results' transferability to humans is controversial since their natural regulating mechanism for cholesterol level almost completely compensates for the intake of cholesterol through food. Therefore, similar studies were later carried out on pigs, which showed a 70% homology of humans and monkeys, with results identical to those of rabbits. In some of the monkey species investigated (such as pigs, mostly omnivores with a predominantly vegetarian diet), substantial individual differences were also found within a species. In some individuals, the cholesterol level can be influenced by diet ("hyper responders"); in others, not (" hypo-responders ").

Ø  Cholesterol is an integral part of arteriosclerotic plaques. This was proven in 1910 by the German chemist and later Nobel Prize winner Adolf Windaus. digitalmarketingtrick

Ø  Ancel Keys published sensational comparative studies of six (1953 ) and seven countries (1966, 1970, and 1980  ), in which he found a cross-national correlation between the CHD rate (coronary artery disease) and the Percentage of animal fats in the diet showed. Mostly in JapanThere was a low CHD rate with a low proportion of animal fats in the diet; in the USA, the opposite was found. Later, however, he was accused of having deliberately only presented those of the country data sets published at the time that seem to support the correlation he postulated. Other studies examining the CHD rate of immigrant Japanese in the United States found an alignment of the lower Japanese rate with the US CHD rate. This could speak for diet-related factors, but could also be explained by other factors related to lifestyle. Critics also question the comparability of the causes of death published by different countries, which was assumed in both cases,

Ø  In earlier men up to 45, a high total or LDL cholesterol level is associated with an increased incidence of coronary heart disease. It represents a different risk factor and the other known risk factors. This means that this correlation is not alone can be explained by the correlation of the cholesterol level with other general CHD risk factors. Further known risk factors are age, gender, positive family history (i.e., the occurrence of a heart attack in close relatives), smoking, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle. Contrary to popular belief, however, high cholesterol levels are not a risk factor for coronary heart disease for both younger and older women and older men.

Ø  Due to a hereditary genetic defect, patients with familial hypercholesterolemia have a very high cholesterol level (often 400 mg/dl and more). At a young age, the risk of CHD is many times higher than that of the average population. These patients' life expectancy could be increased by giving various lipid-lowering drugs. However, the CHD risk in these patients normalizes from around 55 years of age.

Ø  Numerous studies have demonstrated that taking drugs to lower cholesterol, especially in high-risk male CAD patients, can decrease the risk of myocardial infarction. However, this has generally been offset by an increase in other death causes. In the past few years, the statins drug group was also able to demonstrate, for the first time, a slight life-prolonging benefit of taking a cholesterol-lowering preparation in individual studies. However, this was only shown in some of the studies conducted exclusively in middle-aged male high-risk CHD patients.

Ø  People with a specific variant in the gene for the low-density lipoprotein receptor ( LDL receptor ) have lower blood cholesterol levels for life. The risk of heart attack is reduced by 23% in these people. However, the LDL receptor binds LDL and several other proteins, so that the connection has not yet been established through this fact.

Ø  A higher total cholesterol level correlates with women's higher life expectancy compared to men.  The average life expectancy for men in Germany in 1995/97 was 73.6 years, for women 80 years.

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